GNU Solfege Manual V3.5.1

Tom Cato Amundsen


                
            

This manual describes version 3.7.2 of GNU Solfege.

Özgür Yazılım Vakfı tarafından yayımlanan Genel Kamu Lisansını kabul etmiş olmak şartıyla bu belgeyi kopyalamaya ve dağıtmaya izin verilebilir; bu kural Lisansın 2inci veya daha sonraki sürümü için de geçerlidir. Lisansın tam metninin sağlanabileceği yer Ek A, GNU General Public License.

Geri Bildirim

GNU Solfege uygulaması veya bu kullanıma rehberi hakkında Bir hata bildirmek veya bir öneride bulunmak için lütfen burayı ziyaret edinSITS (Solfege Issue Tracking System) or email .

Baskı Tarihçesi
Baskı GNU Solfege Manual V 3.7.22005-10-22

Tom Cato Amundsen


İçindekiler

1. Giriş
Hatalar
Çevrimiçi kaynaklar
Solfege Yazılımını İndir
Posta listeleri
Seçenekler penceresi
Midi olayları
Kullanıcı
Gui
Pratik Yap
Ses ayarı
Training set editor
2. Alıştırmalar için Yardım bölümleri
Armonik aralık
Yapılandırma
Key bindings
Melodik Aralık
Yapılandırma
Key bindings
Aralığı seslendir
Yapılandır
Key bindings
Akoru nitelendir
Key bindings
Akoru nitelendir
Key bindings
Akoru söyle
Key bindings
Ritm
Yapılandır
Key bindings
Tap the rhythm
Dikte
Key bindings
Diziler
Key bindings
Entonasyon
Key bindings
Sesi nitelendir
Manual configuration
Beats per minute
Key bindings
Sing 12 random notes
Key bindings
Name intervals
Harmonic progression dictation
3. Music theory
Scales
Intervals
Seconds
Thirds
Fourth
Fifth
Sixths
Sevenths
Inverting intervals
4. Extending GNU Solfege
Introduction
Lesson files
File encoding
Comments
Types
Global variables
Lesson file contents
Header block
Question block
music objects
Functions
Operators
The harmonicinterval module
The melodicinterval module
The singinterval module
The compareintervals module
The idbyname module
The singanswer module
The rhythm module
The rhythmtapping module
The rhythmtapping2 module
The idtone module
The chord module
The dictation module
The singchord module
The nameinterval module
The elembuilder module
The element block
The header block
The question block
Midi instrument names
Percussion instrument names
A. GNU General Public License
Preamble
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
Section 0
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
Section 9
Section 10
NO WARRANTY Section 11
Section 12
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
B. Tam bir belge değil...
Tam bir belge değil...
GNU Solfege Yazılımına Hoş Geldiniz

Şekiller

3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
3.5.
3.6.
3.7.
3.8.
3.9.
3.10.
3.11.
3.12.

Bölüm 1. Giriş

Hatalar

There are two ways to report bugs or make requesting an enhancement regarding the GNU Solfege application or the user manual: send an email to or open a new bug on SITS (Solfege Issue Tracking System). General questions and patches should be sent to .

Lütfen detaylı hata raporu gönderiniz. '' Programı başlatmayı denediğimde bir hata mesajı alıyorum'' gibi bir ifade benim için yetersizdir. Hata raporu gönderirken şunlara dikkat ediniz:

  • Solfege yazılımının hangi sürümünü kullandığınızı belirtiniz. Eğer daha yeni bir sürümü varsa kontrol ediniz. Eğer sadece kararlı sürümü kullanmak istiyorsanız, bu durumda geliştirme sürümlerini test etme durumunda kalmazsınız.

  • Hangi işletim sistemi kullanmaktasınız? Versiyonu nedir?

  • Hata oluştuğunda tama olarak ne yaptığınızı tanımlayınız.

  • Hata raporunun tam bir kopyasını gönderiniz. Size şifre gibi gözükseler de onların Solfege yazarı için çok daha büyük anlamı vardır.

Çevrimiçi kaynaklar

Solfege anasayfası http://www.solfege.org. Daha duruk bilgiler içeren daha küçük web sayfasının linkihttp://www.gnu.org/software/solfege/.

Solfege Yazılımını İndir

Kaynak kodunu indirebileceğiniz linkhttp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/solfege. Eğer maceracı biriyseniz, kararsız sürümü deneyebilirsiniz (biraz hatalı, fakat bazı yeni özellikle içerebilir) buradan yükleyebilirsinizhttp://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/solfege. Bu sürümlerde daha çok hata olabilir, fakat yazılımın yeni özelliklerini deneme şansınız ve bazı hataları bulup raporlama şansınız var.

Kaynak kodu ve bazı önceden derlenmiş ikililere ulaşmak içinhttp://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=1465.

Eğer Debian kullanıyorsanızapt-get install solfege komutu ile yazılımı yükleyip kurabilirsiniz.

Posta listeleri

Çok düşük trafik, azaltılmış ve Solfege yazılımının kararlı sürümlerinin duyurulması için kullanılacak olan bir link. (Subscription | Archive)

Eğer Solfege yazılımının yükleme ve kurulmasında bazı problemler yaşıyorsanız, ya da sorularınız, yorumlarınız veya Solfege geliştirmek ile ilgili fikirleriniz varsa, yazara veya Sourceforge'daki forumlara ileti göndermek yerine bunları listelere gönderiniz. solfege-devel listesine üye olmadan da ileti gönderebilirsiniz. (Subscription | Archive)

Hata raporlarının gönderildiği standart GNU adresi. Bu liste'nin şu anda iletildiği posta adresi

Seçenekler penceresi

Midi olayları

Screenshot of the 'Midi stuff' page of the preferences window.

Hız

Set the tempo (beats per minute) for music and arpeggios.

Tercih edilen çalgı

Midi çalgısını ve hızı ayarlayınız (her bir notanın gürlüğü)

Chord instruments

Solfege can use three different instruments when playing chords. One for the highest tone, one for the tones in the middle and one for the bass tone. This can be helpful if you find it difficult to hear individual tones in chords.

Kullanıcı

Screenshot of the 'User' page of the preferences window.

Kullanıcının sesleri söylemesi istendiğinde Solfege bu bilgiyi bazı alıştırmalarda kullanır.

Kullanıcının söyleyebileceği en kalın/en ince ses

Bu döndürme düğmeleri Solfege yazılımına kullanıcının söyleyebileceği en tiz ve en pes sesi anlatır. Bu değerler yazılımın önerdiği değerlerdir sadece. Örneğin değerler ''c'' ile '''c''' arasına ayarlanmış ise yazılımın size küçük ve büyük ondalık değerler aralığındaki parametrede sesleri söylemesini istemek üzere ayarlamışsınız demektir, bu oranın dışındaki sesleri söylemek zorundasınızdır.

Sex

Solfege need to know if the user is male or female when creating some of the questions where the user will sing the answer. This because the male voice sound one octave lower than the female voice.

Gui

Screenshot of the 'Gui' page of the preferences window.

Harici yazılımlar

Mail program: Defines the command that starts the mail program.

The sound convertor programs are used to export exercises to sound files. You should enter the full path to the program. Solfege will replace %(in)s with the name of the file to convert. %(out)s will, if used, be replaced with the name of the file to convert to.

Çeşitli

User resizeable main window: Allows the user to resize the main solfege window.

Expert mode: Let the user select what questions from the lesson files to practise. No statistics is stored in ''expert mode''.

Select language: You can manually select the language you want if Solfege does not detect this correctly, or if you want to run Solfege with a different language that your operating system.

Pratik Yap

Screenshot of the 'Practise' page of the preferences window.

Not allow new question before the old is solved: Disable the 'new' button until the question is answered correctly or the user clicks "give up".

Repeat question if the answer was wrong: Play the sound again when the user gives an incorrect answer.

Ses ayarı

Screenshot of the 'Sound setup' page of the preferences window.

Midi setup

Sesi çalmanın üç yolu vardır:

No sound:

Use this for debugging or when you are porting Solfege. No sounds are played, the midi events are printed to stdout.

Use device:

The best choice here is usually /dev/music because it has the best support for percussion instruments. /dev/sequencer2 is usually a symbolic link to /dev/music. If your system don't have /dev/music, you can create it with this command as root (if you run the linux kernel version 2.2 or later):

cd /dev mknod music u 14 8

Use external midiplayer:

This can be useful when porting to systems that don't use OSS, or if you have a bad midi synth on your soundcard and want to use timidity.

Ek seçenekler

Check the ''My sound card is Sound Blaster AWE32, AWE64 or pnp32'' check button if you have this kind of sound card. This will give you real percussion in the rhythm exercise. Code still has to be added for other sound cards. This option is only necessary if you use /dev/sequencer to play midi sounds.

Training set editor

Screenshot of the trainingset-editor window.

The training set editor let you create MIDI/WAV/MP3/OGG files of questions so that you can upload them to your pda, cell phone or MP3 player. A solution sheet will be generated for you to print out. Then you can let the MP3 player play the tracks by random order, and you can use the solution sheet to check if you recognised the music correctly.

You use the training set editor to define which exercises to generate. You can save your definition in a file for later use. Each time you click Export a new set of files are generated in a directory of your choice. You have to manually upload the generated sound files to you mobile device.

The program let you generate questions from as many lesson files as you like, but the most typical usage would be to generate lots of questions from just a single, or just a few files.

The programs used to convert between the different file formats are defined in Gui page of the preferences window. Please check the definitions there if you have problems converting the MIDI files to WAV, MP3 or OGG format.

Table headings explained

Count

The number of questions to generate from the lesson file.

Repeat

The number of times to repeat each question.

Delay

How long delay it will be between the questions. Measured in the length of quarter-notes.

Bölüm 2. Alıştırmalar için Yardım bölümleri

Armonik aralık

Düğmeler arabirimlerinin kullanılarak aralıkların çalışıldığı yazılımın ekran görüntüsü.

Bu alıştırma aralıkları çalışabilecek olduğunuz alıştırmalardan biridir. Anlayış basittir. Siz rastgele bir aralık çalınması için ''Yeni aralık'' düğmesine basarsınız ve aralığın hangi nitelikte olduğunu söylersiniz.

If you are using the buttons interface, then you can right-click on the buttons to hear the interval they represent.

Yapılandırma

Alıştırmanın yapılandırma sayfasında, soruya cevap vermenin farklı yollarını seçebileceğiniz karma bir kutu vardır. Orada piyano, gitar, bas ve varsayılan düğmeler arabirimine ek olarak akordiyon'un birkaç türü vardır. Piyano arabirimini gösteren ekran görüntüsü aşağıdadır.

Düğmeler arabirimlerinin kullanılarak aralıkların çalışıldığı yazılımın ekran görüntüsü.

Key bindings

  • Yeni aralık: Alt-n

  • Tekrarla: Alt-r

  • Melodik tekrarla: Alt-m

  • Vazgeç: Alt-g

Küçük ikili: 1Tam dörtlü: 2Büyük altılı: 3Küçük dokuzlu: 4
Büyük ikili: qTamton:wKüçük yedili: eBüyük dokuzlu: r
Küçük üçlü: aTam beşli: sBüyük yedili: dKüçük onlu: f
Büyük üçlü: zKüçük altılı: xTam oktav: cBüyük onlu: v

Melodik Aralık

Düğmeler arabirimlerinin kullanılarak aralıkların çalışıldığı yazılımın ekran görüntüsü.

Alıştırma rastgele aralıklar üretir veya siz bunları tanımlamaya çalışmalısınız.

If you are using the buttons interface, then you can right-click on the buttons to hear the interval they represent.

Yapılandırma

Alıştırmanın yapılandırma sayfasında, soruya cevap vermenin farklı yollarını seçebileceğiniz karma bir kutu vardır. Orada piyano, gitar, bas ve varsayılan düğmeler arabirimine ek olarak akordiyon'un birkaç türü vardır. Piyano arabirimini gösteren ekran görüntüsü aşağıdadır.

Düğmeler arabirimlerinin kullanılarak aralıkların çalışıldığı yazılımın ekran görüntüsü.

Key bindings

  • Yeni soru: Alt-n

  • Tekrarla: Alt-r

  • Vazgeç: Alt-g

Küçük ikili: 1Tam dörtlü: 2Büyük altılı: 3Küçük dokuzlu: 4
Büyük ikili: qTamton:wKüçük yedili: eBüyük dokuzlu: r
Küçük üçlü: aTam beşli: sBüyük yedili: dKüçük onlu: f
Büyük üçlü: zKüçük altılı: xTam oktav: cBüyük onlu: v

Aralığı seslendir

Aralığı seslendirme alıştırmasının ekran görüntüsü.

Bu alıştırmada, Solfege yazılımı bir veya birden fazla aralığı gösterecektir ve bunları seslendirmelisiniz. Ne yazık ki , eğer Solfege yazılımının doğru seslendirme yapıp yapmadığınıza Solfege karar vermesi için sesleri bir mikrofona henüz söyleyemiyorsanız, o zaman doğru söyleyip söyleyemediğinize kendiniz karar vermek zorundasınız.

Yapılandır

İnsan sesi bölgesinde kalarak bu yazılım bir soru sormayı deneyecek, ki bu işlem tercihler penceresinde yapılandırılmıştır. Bazen, soruları daha makul ses sınırları içinde kullanmak pek mümkün olmamıştır, örneğin bazı alıştırmalar öyle programlanmıştır ki yukarı doğru giden pek çok aralık oluşturulmuştur.

Key bindings

  • Yeni aralık: Alt-n

  • Yeni aralık, son cevap doğru idi: Alt-n

  • Yeni aralık, son cevap yanlıştı: Alt-w

  • İlk sesi tekrar edin: Alt-r

  • Cevabı çal: Alt-p

  • En son sesi çal: Alt-l

Akoru nitelendir

Yazılımın ekran görüntüsü.

Bu alıştırmanın amacı çalınan akoru nitelendirmektir.

Alıştırmaya Yeni düğmesine basarak başlayın. Solfege siz düğmeye basınca bir akor çalacaktır, ve boş dizeğin altındaki düğmelerden birine basarak bu akoru nitelendireceksiniz.

Eğer tahmininiz doğru ise, program akoru dizekte gösterecek ve durum çubuğunda "Doğru" mesajı yanıp sönecektir. Bundan sonra siz Yeni düğmesine basarak yeni bir soruya hazırlanacaksınız.

Eğer tahmininiz yanlış ise durum çubuğunda "Yanlış" mesajı gözükecektir.

Key bindings

  • Yeni akor: Alt-n

  • Tekrarla: Alt-r

  • Arpeji tekrarla: Alt-a

  • Vazgeç: Alt-g

Akoru nitelendir

Yazılımın ekran görüntüsü.

Bu sayfa üreysel bir yardım sayfasıdır ve tüm alıştırmalar akor alıştırması modülü kullanılarak yazılmıştır. Bu alıştırmalar kullanıcıya üç şey sorar: akor türü, çevrim ve en üstteki ses. Sizin cevabınızdaki ana fikir üç adımda gerçekleşir:

  • Akor türünü nitelendiriniz.

  • Çevrim hangisidir?

  • Akorda en yukardaki ses hangisidir?

Bir çevrimi bulmadan önce akor seslerini söylemeniz ve akor türünü nitelendirmeniz biraz zamanınızı alabilir.

Bir alıştırmanın sadece akor türünü veya çevrimi, hatta sadece çevrimi ve akorun en üstündeki ses sorabilme olasılığı bulunduğuna lütfen dikkat ediniz.

Key bindings

  • Yeni akor: Alt-n

  • Tekrarla: Alt-r

  • Arpeji tekrarla: Alt-a

  • Vazgeç: Alt-g

Akoru söyle

Yazılımın ekran görüntüsü.

Eğer bir koro yönetiyorsanız, eğer yakınınızda piyano yoksa, tüm partilerin ilk başlangıç seslerini söylemelisiniz, ya da bir diyapasonunuz olmalı. Eğer erkekseniz, kadın seslerini bir oktav aşağıdan söylemelisiniz.

Yazılım LA sesini (440 hz) sizin için çalacaktır, ve söylemeniz gereken akoru gösterecektir. Solfege yazılımı henüz mikrofonu desteklememektedir, bu yüzden cevabınızın doğruluğunu kendiniz kontrol etmelisiniz.

Key bindings

  • Yeni: Alt-n

  • 440hz: Alt-z

  • Cevabı tekrarla: Alt-p

Ritm

Programın akor alıştırması çalışırken ki ekran görüntüsü.

Yazılım rastgele üretilmiş bir ritm çalacak ve kullanıcının ritmi yeniden üretmesi gerekecektir. 'Kullanıcı' değişik ritmik ögeleri içeren düğmelere tıklayarak ritmleri girecektir.

Yeterli ritmik unsur girdikten sonra, Solfege cevabınızı kontrol edecektir. Eğer herşey doğruysa mutlu bir yüz çıkacak eğer değilse üzgün bir surat gözükecek ve yanlış ritmler gösterilecektir.

Üzgün surata tıkladığınızda ya da sayfanın üstündeki ritm düğmelerine tıkladığınız zaman, eğer cevaplarınızdan bazıları yanlış ise, baştan sona tüm yanlış ögeler kaldırılacaktır (cevabınızdaki doğru ritmler korunacaktır).

You can click the 'Play' button to hear your suggestion.

Yapılandır

Bu alıştırmadaki sorular ritm ögelerinin rastgele seçimi ile oluşturulmaktadır aynı zamanda. Bunun yapmanın en iyi yolu bu değildir, ve umarız daha sonraki sürümlerde soruları harmanlamanın daha akılcı yolunu bulacağız.

Soruyu oluşturacak olan ritmleri seçmek için yapılandır sayfasındaki çerçevede bulunan kutucukları işaretleyiniz.

Key bindings

  • Yeni: Alt-n

  • Tekrarla: Alt-r

  • Vazgeç: Alt-g

  • Gerisilme: Gerisilme

Tap the rhythm

The program will play a randomly generated rhythm, and the user should reproduce the rhythm. The user enters the rhythm by tapping on the button labeled Tap here.

Dikte

Programın Dikte alıştırması yapılırken alınmış ekran görüntüsü.

Bu alıştırmaya dikte alıştırması denir, fakat ders dosyaları hazır ise bu alıştırmalar başka şekillerde de kullanılabilir:

  • Solfege yazılımı kağıda yazacağınız bir müziği çalar. Müziğin küçük parçalarını tekrar etmesi için dörtlük nota şeklindeki düğmeye basın. Bir hata yapıp yapmadığınızı kontrol etmek için Göster düğmesini tıklamalısınız.

  • Bu alıştırmayı deşifre amaçlı kullanabilirsiniz. Alıştırmaya başladığınızda, Göster'e basın ve müziği söylemeye çalışın. Ondan sonra programın müziğin tamamını çalması için Çal'a veya dörtlük nota şeklindeki düğmelere basın. Başarılı olup olmadığınıza kendiniz karar vermek durumundasınız.

Key bindings

  • Tüm müziği çal: Alt-p

  • Göster: Alt-s

Diziler

Scales are a complex matter. For example is the greek lydian (C-D-E-F-G-A-B-C) different from the medieval and modern lydian (C-D-E-F#-G-A-B-C). You can read about all the scales used in GNU Solfege here.

Solfege has three variants of scale exercises so far.

  • Solfege bir dizi çalacaktır, ve diziyi dizi adlarının olduğu düğmelerden birine tıklayarak tanımlamalısınız.

  • Solfege will play a scale, and you should identify the structure of the scale. You will be presented a collection of buttons labeled with a number of '1', '2' and '3'. These numbers represent the intervals minor second, major second and minor third that are between the tones of the scale.

  • Solfege will play a scale, and you should idenitfy the grade. For example may Solfege take the natural minor scale, and play it from any of the tones one the scale, and you must tell which tone it starts on.

Key bindings

  • Yeni: Alt-n

  • Tekrarla: Alt-r

  • Yavaş hızda tekrarla: Alt-s

  • Vazgeç: Alt-g

Entonasyon

Yazılımın ekran görüntüsü.

Bu alıştırmada, Solfege bir aralık çalacak ve aralığın nasıl temiz söyleneceğini söylemelisiniz.

Key bindings

  • Yeni: Alt-n

  • Tekrarla: Alt-r

  • Vazgeç: Alt-g

  • Göster: Alt-s

Sesi nitelendir

Yazılımın ekran görüntüsü.

Bu ses hafızası ve aralık alıştırmasının birleşimidir. Bazı kişiler bu tür bir çalışmanın size mükemmel bir duyuş yetisi (absolut kulak) kazandırdığına inanırlar, ama ben inanmıyorum.

Programın temelinde size bir ses duyurup bunu belirlemenizi istemek ve bu sesi bir önce verilen ses ile karşılaştırmanızı beklemektir.

Başlamak için program size bir ses çalacak ve onun adını durum çubuğunda gösterecektir. Siz sesleri piyano tuşesine tıklayarak veya klavye tuşlarındaki kısayol tuşlarına basarak nitelendireceksiniz.

Bir sesi doğal yoldan tahmin etmeden duymak için piyano tuşesine tıklayın. (Bazıları buna kopya çekmek diyor...)

Manual configuration

You can configure the idbyname exercise as you like if you select Idtone from the "Configure yourself" submenu of the Practise menu.

Bu alıştırmayı kullanmanın bazı yolları vardır. Kişisel olarak, bu alıştırmayı çok kullanmadım, ve aşağıdaki kısımlar sadece önerilerden ibarettir.

Nota nota

Start with only the notes c-d-e at weight 1. When your score is at least 96% correct, you add the tone f and continue. The menu "Practise->Idenify tone", has exercises that will add one and one tone until you practise with all 12 tones.

Ağır LA

'Ağır LA' başka bir pratik yapma yolunu ifade eder. Bunun için tercihler penceresinden 'Uzman Kipi' içinde 'Pratik yap' seçilmiş olmalıdır. (Solfege 3.2 sürümünden önce 'Uzman Kipi'nden kurtulmayı umuyoruz).

Ağırlık 11 (veya daha yüksek) derecesinde sesi yapılandırın ve seslerin tümünün ağırlığı 1 olsun. Bu yolla program sesi daha sık çalacak, böylece sesi hatırlayacak ve bu sesi diğer sesleri hatırlamak için bir referans sesi olarak görmeye başlayacaksınız. Bu şekilde bir süre pratik yaptıktan sonra, daha zor alıştırmalara daha cesaretle geçebileceksiniz.

Yapılandır

Yapılandır penceresinin tepesinde farklı seslerin ne kadar önemli olduğunu programa söyleyeceksiniz. Eğer örneğin siz bir sese 11 puan, tümünden herbirine 1 puan verirseniz (11+11*1)/11*100 = 50% rastgele tonlar bir olacaktır.

Aşağıda rastgele seslerin hangi oktavdan geleceğini seçebilirsiniz.

Bundan sonra eskisini çözdüyseniz Solfege otomatik olarak size yeni bir soru soracaktır.

Aşağıdaki çerçevede eğer cevabınız yanlışsa, bazı kendiliğinden açıklanmış güzel seçenekleri ayarlayabilirsiniz.

Tuş kısayollarının ayarlanabileceği yer $HOME/.solfegerc.

Beats per minute

The program will play a tempo, like a methronome. You should try to guess how many beats per minute is played. Each button represents ony tempo, and the program will only play in tempos that has a button with bold text. Right-click on buttons to change the status of a tempo.

Note: the rhythm depends on the gtk timeout_add function to play the rhythm, so it is not very precise.

Key bindings

  • New tempo: Alt-n

  • Vazgeç: Alt-g

Sing 12 random notes

In this exercise, the program will display all the twelve tones in the scale in a random order and play the first one. Then you should sing all the notes and see if the last note matches. So this is more like an exam in sight singing than an exercise for learning how to sing the intervals. For that you should try some of the other interal exercises.

Key bindings

  • Yeni: Alt-n

  • Play first note: Alt-p

  • Play last note: Alt-l

  • Play all: Alt-a

Name intervals

Düğmeler arabirimlerinin kullanılarak aralıkların çalışıldığı yazılımın ekran görüntüsü.

In this exercise, Solfege will display and play an interval, and you should identify the interval. This is a music theory exercise, and not an ear training exercise. To learn how to name intervals you should read “Intervals”.

You identify the interval by clicking on one button telling the specific name and the general name.

Harmonic progression dictation

Yazılımın ekran görüntüsü.

In this exercise, Solfege will play some music, and you must click on the buttons to build a representation of the harmonic progressions in the exercise.

Bölüm 3. Music theory

Scales

Davide Bonetti has contributed a large set of scale exercises and some pages describing all the scales. You can see the pages here.

Intervals

In music theory we use the word interval when we talk about the pitch difference between two notes. We call them harmonic intervals if two tones sound simultaneosly and melodic intervals if they sound successively.

Interval names consist of two parts. Some examples are "major third" and "perfect fifth". In Walter Pistons "Harmony" the two parts are called the specific name and the general name part. Wikipedia talk about interval quality and interval number. I have seen people talk about an intervals numerical size. I am a little unsure what the best terms to use are, because english is my second language. Comments, and improvements to this article, are very welcome.

You find the general name by counting the steps on the staff, ignoring any accidentals. So if the inteval you want to name goes from E to G#, then we count to 3 (E F G) and see that the general name is third.

The specific name say the exact size of the interval. Unisons, fourths, fifths and octaves can be diminished, pure or augmented. Seconds, thirds, sixths and sevenths can be minor, major, diminished or augmented. A minor interval is one semitone smaller than a major interval. A diminished interval is one semitone smaller than a pure or a minor interval, and a augmented interval is one semitone larger than a pure or major interval.

Accidentals change the size of intervals. The interval becomes one semitone larger if you add a sharp to the highest tone or a flat to the lowest tone. And it becomes one semitone smaller if you add a flat to the highest tone or a sharp to the lowest tone. In the following sections naming of the intervals will be shown in greater detail.

Seconds

Seconds are easy to recognise: the two notes are neighbours on the staff. One note is on a staff line, and the other one is in the space above or below. A minor second is one semitone step, also called a half step. A major second is two semitone steps, also called a whole step.

To learn to identify seconds, you first have to learn which seconds there are between the natural tones. As you can see in Şekil 3.1, “”, only the intervals E-F and B-C are minor seconds. The rest are major intervals. You can check that Şekil 3.1, “” is correct by looking at a piano. You will see that there are no black keys between E and F and between B and C.

Şekil 3.1.


If the second have accidentals, then we have to examine them to find out how they change the size of the interval. Let us identify a few intervals!

Şekil 3.2.


We remove the accidental from the interval in Şekil 3.2, “” and see that the interval F-G is a major second. When we add the flat to the highest tone, the interval becomes one semitone smaller, and becomes a minor second.

Şekil 3.3.


We remove the accidentals, and see that the interval A-B is a major second. You still do remember Şekil 3.1, “”, don't you? Then we add the flat to the A, and the interval become a augmented second. And when we add the flat to the B, and the interval becomes a major second.

Şekil 3.4.


We remove the accidentals, and see that the interval E-F is a minor second. When we add a flat to the lowest tone, the interval becomes one semitone larger, and becomes a major second. And when we add a sharp to the highest tone, the interval becomes one semitone larger, and becomes an augmented second.

Thirds

A minor third is one minor and one major second, or three semitones. A major third are two major seconds, or four semitone steps. Şekil 3.5, “” show the thirds between all the natural tones. You should memorise the major intervals, C-E, F-A and G-B. Then you know that the other four intervals are minor.

Şekil 3.5.


Then you examine the accidentals to see if they change the specific name. This is done exactly the same way as for seconds.

Fourth

A pure fourth is 2½ steps, or two major seconds and a minor second. Şekil 3.6, “” show all fourths between natural tones. You should memorise that the fourth F-B is augmented, and that the other six are pure.

Şekil 3.6.


Fifth

A pure fifth is 3½ steps, or three major seconds and a minor second. Şekil 3.7, “” show all fifths between natural tones. You should remember that all those intervals are pure, except B-F that is diminished.

Şekil 3.7.


If the interval has accidentals, then we must examine them to see how they change the size of the interval. A diminished fifth is one semitone smaller than a pure interval, and a augmented fifth is one semitone larger. Below you will find a few examples:

Şekil 3.8.


We remember from Şekil 3.7, “” that the interval B-F is a diminished fifth. The lowest tone in Şekil 3.8, “” is preceded by a flat that makes the interval one semitone larger and changes the interval from a diminished to a pure fifth.

Şekil 3.9.


We know from Şekil 3.7, “” that interval E-B is a perfect fifth. In Şekil 3.9, “” the E has a flat in front of it, making the interval augmented. But then the B is preceded by a doble flat that makes the interval two semitone steps smaller and changes the interval to a diminished fifth.

Sixths

Sixths are easiest identified by inverting the interval and identifying the third. Then the following rule apply:

  • If the third is diminished, then the sixth is augmented

  • If the third is minor, then the sixth is major

  • If the third is major, then the sixth is minor

  • If the third is augmented, then the sixth is diminished

If you find inverting intervals difficult, then you can memorise that the intervals E-C, A-F and B-G are minor. The other four are major. Then you examine the accidentals to see if they change the specific name. This is done exactly the same way as for seconds.

Şekil 3.10.


Sevenths

Sevenths are identified the same way as sixths. When you invert a seventh, you get a second.

If you find inverting intervals difficult, then you can memorise that the intervals C-B and F-E are major. The other five are minor. Then you examine the accidentals to see if they change the specific name. This is done exactly the same way as for seconds.

Şekil 3.11.


Inverting intervals

You invert an interval when you move the lowest tone of an interval one octave higher or the highest tone one octave lower. The general name changes this way:

  • Second becomes seventh.

  • Third becomes sixth.

  • Forth becomes fifth.

  • Fifth becomes fourth.

  • Sixth becomes third.

  • Seventh becomes second.

The specific name changes this way:

  • Diminished becomes augmented.

  • Minor becomes major.

  • Perfect stays perfect.

  • Major becomes minor.

  • Augmented becomes diminished.

Below are two examples, a major third is inverted and becomes a minor sixth, and a minor seventh is inverted and becomes a major second.

Şekil 3.12.


Bölüm 4. Extending GNU Solfege

Introduction

GNU Solfege is written so that it can easily be extended, even if you do not know any computer programming. The steps are:

  • Create a lesson file.

  • Create a learning tree for your own lesson file. You do this only once.

  • Add the lesson file to the learning tree.

Read “Lesson files” for details on creating lesson files. The easiest way to get started is to take one of the existing lesson files, and modify it. The lesson files included in Solfege are stored in a directory names lesson-files. The exact location of this directory depends on your operating system and show you have installed the program. A few suggestions are C:\Program files\GNU Solfege, /usr/share/solfege, /usr/local/share/solfege or ~/.local/share/solfege.

You create a learning tree by opening the learning tree editor. Select Learning tree from the Edit menu. Then click the New button and enter a file name. The file will be stored in a directory named .solfege/learningtrees in your home directory.

Then you create a menu and a submenu with the learning tree editor, and finally adds the lesson file to the selected submenu by clicking the Add lesson button.

Lesson files

In GNU Solfege, each exercise is created by a lesson file interpreted by one of the exercise modules.

If you create your own lesson files, you should save them in a directory named lessonfiles in your home directory. On MS Windows the directory is probably C:\Documents and Settings\yourusername. To be sure, you can search for the file .solfegerc. The directory lessonfiles should be created in the same directory as .solfegerc. Then you should add your lesson file to the Practise menu. You do this with the learning tree editor available on the Edit menu.

Exercise modules

harmonicintervals

Train harmonic intervals.

melodicintervals

Train one or more melodic intervals.

singinterval

This is an exercise where the program display an interval and play the first tone. Then the user should sing the interval, and then click a button to hear the correct answer. There is no microphone support yet.

idbyname

This is a very generic exercise. In its most basic form, the program will play some sound, and you have to select among several buttons that in some way represents the music.

chord

The chord module act as a specialized idbyname module. The difference is that with the chord module you can write lesson files where the user should tell what inversion the chord is in, and what the top tone is.

chordvoicing

A two-step exercise. First you should identify the chord. Then you should stack the tones in the chord in the correct order.

compareintervals

Solfege plays two intervals, and you should say which one is largest.

rhythm

A simple rhythm exercise. Solfege will randomly generate rhythm patterns that the user should recreate by clicking on buttons.

dictation

harmonicprogressiondictation

idtone

identifybpm

twelvetone

singchord

File encoding

Solfege by default expect the content of lesson files to be in UTF-8 encoding. gedit is a nice little editor that let you edit unicode files.

If you don't like unicode, you can tell Solfege that the file has another encoding by inserting a special comment line as the first line of the file. The following example set the charset to ISO 8859-1, a charset commonly used in many west-european languages:

# -*- coding: iso-8859-1 -*-

Russians might want to use koi8-r:

# -*- coding: koi8-r -*-

The program use the python libs to convert to unicode, so it should understand almost any encoding you can think of. If you see some characters are missing, for example when the name of questions are displayed on buttons, then most likely you have done something wrong with the encoding.

Comments

Everything after # on a line is ignored. Example:

# This line is ignored. The next line is not.
question { bla bla }

Types

Strings

Strings are quoted with the " character. Example:

"this is a string"

Use tripple quotes for strings that contain line breaks, or if the string itself has to contain the " character:

description = """<h1>Long desription<h1> This lessonfile need
very much descriptions. Qoutes (") are ok here. bla bla bla"""

NB: All strings have to be unicode strings. If you get error messages like this one:

In line 21 of input: does not recognise this string ';lt;' as a valid token.'
(line 20): question {
(line 21): question {
(line 22):   name = _("Ionia�)

then you must check the encoding of your file, and maybe you should read “File encoding”. You can change the encoding of a file using the iconv program:

iconv -f YOUR_ENCODING -t utf8 your.file

Tempo

The tempo of music is entered as bpm/beatlen. The following example will set the tempo to 120 beats per minute, each beat being a quarter note.

tempo = 120/4

Global variables

Global variables can save you a few key strokes.

s = "\score\relative c'{ %s }
question {
# instead of music = music("\score\relative c'{ c d e f g2 g2 }") 
music = music(s % "c d e f g2 g")
}

Lesson file contents

A lesson file consist of one header block and zero or more question blocks:

header {
 ASSIGNMENT
 ASSIGNMENT
 ...
}
question {
 ASSIGNMENT
 ...
}

Header block

The header block can be placed anywhere in the file, but by convention it should be the first block in the file.

Variables shared by many exercise modules

module

Tell what execise module that will run the lesson file. This variable is requried for all lesson files. (The variable was added in Solfege 2.9.0 where it replaced the content variable.). Example:

module = idbyname
lesson_id

Each file need a unique identifier. The identifier can be any string you like, and if you don't add one, Solfege will add one for you. Solfege will also offer to create a new lesson_id if you have two files with identical lesson_id. Example:

lesson_id = "5b30c9ae-09f1-40b3-9333-4789638dc851"
version

Tell the version of solfege the lessonfile is known to work with. This variable is not required, but it should be used because it can (but don't guarantee to) help avoid trouble if the lesson file format changes in the future. Example:

version = "3.0.7"
title

Short one-line description that will be used for creating the menu entry for the exercise. You should add this to all lesson files. Example:

title = "Minor and major chords in root position"
lesson_heading

A short heading that will be displayed above the exercise. It should say what the purpose of the exercise is. Some modules provide a default value, others leave the string empty. Example:

lesson_heading = _("Identify the chord")
help

This variable say which help file from the user manual will be displayed when the user presses F1. Example:

help = "idbyname-intonation"

By default, Solfege will display the help file that has the same name as the exercise module being used in the lesson file.

theory

This variable say which help file from the user manual will be displayed when the user presses F3. Pressing F3 should display music theory about the exercise. Don't include this variable if there are no music theory written. Example:

theory = "scales/maj"
random_transpose

In some exercises the program can transpose the music to create variation. The default value is yes. (The default value changed from no to yes in Solfege 3.0.)

Used in modules: chord, chordvoicing, harmonicprogressiondictation, idbyname, singanswer, singchord

Possible values

random_transpose = no

No transposition will be done.

random_transpose = yes

The exercise will do random transposition. What kind of transposition depends on the exercise, but you get a ok result from this. This is the default value.

random_transpose = accidentals, INTEGER1, INTEGER2

Transpose the question by random and make sure the key signature of the question does not get more than a certain number of accidentals. In this context, the number of accidentals can be described by an integer value. A negative value denote a number of flats (b), and a positive number denote a number o sharps (#). Zero mean no accidentals. The integers INTEGER1 and INTEGER2 defines a range of allowed number of accidentals.

For this transposition mode to work properly, the music in the lessonfile has to be in the keys c major or a minor, or the question must have a key variable telling the key signature.

random_transpose = key, INTEGER1, INTEGER2

Transpose the music INTEGER1 steps down or INTEGER2 steps up the circle of fifth. In this context up is more sharps and down is more flats. This is real transposition where both the key and the notes are transposed.

random_transpose = semitones, INTEGER1, INTEGER2

Transpose the music at most INTEGER1 semitones down or INTEGER2 semitones up. This is real transposition where both the key and the notes are transposed. You will easily end up with music in the keys with LOTS of accidentals.

enable_right_click = no

By default, Solfege will let the user right-click on buttons to hear the music they represent without guessing. Set this variable to no for lesson files where it does not make sense, for example in a idbyname lesson file where many questions have the same name.

Modules: idbyname, chordvoicing and chord.

disable_unused_intervals = no

By default, Solfege will make the buttons insensitive for intervals that are not being asked. Set this variable to no if you want all buttons to be sensitive.

Modules: harmonicinterval and melodicinterval.

ask_for_intervals_0

Select which intervals to ask for. 1 for minor second, 2 for major second, 3 or minor third etc. Use a negative number for descending intervals. To ask for more that one interval create the variables ask_for_intervals_1, ask_for_intervals_2 etc. In the following example Solfege will ask for two intervals. The first will be either a minor second or a major second, both intervals going up. And the second interval will be either major second or minor third, both intervals going down.

ask_for_intervals_0 = [1, 2]
ask_for_intervals_1 = [-2, -3]
    

Modules: melodicinterval and singinterval.

intervals

This variable tell which intervals should be asked for in exercises using the harmonicinterval module. 1 for minor second, 2 for major second, 3 or minor third etc. Example that will practise thirds:

intervals = [3, 4]

Modules: harmonicinterval.

test

This variable defines the test for the exercise. In a test, Solfege will ask all the questions in the lesson file a number of times. This variable is always used together with test_requirement. In the following example, each question will be asked 3 times:

test = "3x"

Modules: harmonicinterval, idbyname, melodicinterval and singinterval.

test_requirement

This variable defines how large percentage of the questions has to be answered correctly to pass the test. Example:

test_requirement = "90%"

Modules: harmonicinterval, idbyname, melodicinterval and singinterval.

have_repeat_arpeggio_button = yes

Set to yes if you want the exercise to have a "Repeat arpeggio" button.

Modules: singanswer.

have_music_displayer = yes

Set to yes if you want the question to have a music displayer.

In the idbyname module, setting this variable will add a music displayer where the program will display the answer when the user gives up or answers the question correctly. You might also want to read about at_question_start.

In the singanswer module, setting this variable will add a music displayer where the music will be displayed when the question is displayed.

Modules: idbyname, elembuilder and singanswer.

at_question_start

This variable changes what happens when the user clicks New. By default, Solfege will play the music when the user clicks New, and only display the music when the question is answered correctly and the have_music_displayer variable is set to yes. Setting this variable will also set have_music_displayer to yes.

at_question_start = show

The exercise will get a Play music button. When the user clicks New the music will be displayed in the music displayer, but no music is played. Click Play music to hear the music.

at_question_start = play

The exercise will get a Display music button. When the user clicks New the music is played. Click Display music to see the music.

at_question_start = show, play

When the user clicks New the music is both played and displayed.

Modules: idbyname, elembuilder and rhythmtapping2.

rhythm_elements

A list of integers (1-34) telling what elementes we should use when creating questions. Example:

rhythm_elements = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

0:c4 , 1:c8 c8 , 2:c16 c16 c16 c16 , 3:c8 c16 c16 , 4:c16 c16 c8 , 5:c16 c8 c16 , 6:c8. c16 , 7:c16 c8. , 8:r4 , 9:r8c8 , 10:r8 c16 c16 , 11:r16 c16 c8 , 12:r16c8c16 , 13:r16 c16 c16 c16 , 14:r8 r16 c16 , 15:r16 c8. , 16:c12 c12 c12 , 17:r12 c12 c12 , 18:c12 r12 c12 , 19:c12 c12 r12 , 20:r12 r12 c12 , 21:r12 c12 r12 , 22:c4. , 23:c4 c8 , 24:c8 c4 , 25:c8 c8 c8 , 26:c4 c16 c16 , 27:c16 c16 c4 , 28:c8 c8 c16 c16 , 29:c8 c16 c16 c8 , 30:c16 c16 c8 c8 , 31:c8 c16 c16 c16 c16 , 32:c16 c16 c8 c16 c16 , 33:c16 c16 c16 c16 c8 , 34:c16 c16 c16 c16 c16 c16

Modules: rhythm and rhythmtapping2

Variables that has been obsoleted

number_of_intervals = INTEGER

Made obsolete in Solfege 3.1.5. Solfege will find this number automatically now, so this variable is ignored.

Question block

Variables you can define in the question block

name

Questions written for the idbyname or the chord exercise modules need a name.

music

For most lesson files the music representing the question is assigned to this variable. Note that there is a shortcut. Instead of:

question {
  name = "Lisa gikk til skolen"
  music = music(...)"
}

you can write:

question {
  name = "Lisa gikk til skolen"
  music(...)
}

Music objects are documented in music objects”.

tempo

Set the tempo for this questions music. The variable is defined "beats per minute" / "notelen per beat". Example:

tempo = 150 / 4

This variable can also be defined globally for the whole lesson file. Do do so you should put it in the beginning of the file, outside any question blocks.

Modules: idbyname, chord, chordvoicing and rhythmtapping.

instrument

By default, Solfege will use the instrument specified on the preferences window when playing questions. This variable let you select a different instrument. Example:

instrument = "cello", 100

The instrument name has to be quoted. The integer is the velocity of the tones, and it should be in the range 0-127. You can see a list of instrument names in “Midi instrument names”. For lesson files where it makes sense, it is possible to specify three set of instruments. The following example will play bass for the lowest tone, piano in the middle and clarinet on the top tone:

instrument = "bass", 100, "acoustic grand", 100, "clarinet", 100

This variable can also be defined globally for the whole lesson file. Do do so you should put it in the beginning of the file, outside any question blocks.

Modules: idbyname, chord, singanswer and chordvoicing

music objects

Each question in your lesson files will define one or more music objects.

music

This is music entered completely following the music format FIXME spec. This means you have to enter complete code with a \staff command. Example:

variable = music("\staff\relative c' { c' d' }")
chord

Enter the tones from the lowest to the highest tone, like this:

variable = chord("c' e' g'")
satb

Use this format to enter music where the program need to know what voice (in a choir) will sing the different tones. Take this, for example:

variable = satb("c''|e'|g|c")

The c'' will be sung by the soprano, e' by the alto, etc.

voice

This musictype saves some key strokes if you want to enter a melody.

variable = voice("c'4 c' g' g' | a' a' g'2")

is the same as

variable = music("\staff{ c'4 c' g' g' | a' a' g'2")
rvoice

rvoice is similar to voice except that the music is in \relative mode, relative to the first tone. The following two statements produce the same music:

variable = rvoice("c'4 c g' g | a a g2")
\staff\relative c'{ c4 c g' g' | a a g2 }
    
percussion

This music object provides a simple way to play rhythms with percussion instruments. Each tone represents a percussion instrument as defined in “Percussion instrument names”. In the following example, the tone c is translated to the midi sound Side Stick and d to a Mute triangle.

variable = rhythm("d4 d d d c8 c8 c4")

rhythm

This music object let you write questions that taps rhythms with the two instruments defined in the preferences window. The tone c will play the rhythm representing the question, and the tone d can be used if you want to write some sort of "count-in" before the question starts. Example:

rhythm("d4 d d d c8 c8 c4 c c8 c8")

You should only use two pitches, c and d. Other pitches will print a warning, but will still work in the current implementation. To play real percussion with many different instruments you should use the percussion music object.

midifile

Play a midi file. The path given to the file is relative to the directory the lesson file is stored in. Example:

variable = midifile("share/example.mid")
wavfile

Play a .wav file. The path given to the file is relative to the directory the lesson file is stored in. Example:

variable = wavfile("share/fifth-small-220.00.wav")
cmdline

Run an external program. Example:

cmdline("./bin/csound-play-harmonic-interval.sh 220.000000 320.100000")

Functions

_

_ takes a string as its only argument. Use this if you want Solfege to translate the string for you. Example:

title = _("Bla bla title")
include

Includes another file. Example:

include("singchord-1")

The lesson header variables will be taken from the including lesson file. Only a variable is only defined in the included lesson file, and not in the including lesson file, then the value will be taken from the included file.

Operators

Operators can only be used on strings. + is used for joining strings, and % is similar to what you find in python, but it is very limited. It only know about %s. One example:

"\staff\relative c'{%s}" % "c d e"

evaluates to

\staff\relative c'{c d e}

The harmonicinterval module

User documentation is in “Armonik aralık”.

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
  module = harmonicinterval
  lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2"
  version = "3.1.4"
  title = "Seconds"
  intervals = [1, 2]
  test = "3x"
  test_requirement = "90%"
}

Additional variables you can put in the header. Click on the link to get an explanation:

The melodicinterval module

User documentation is in “Melodik Aralık”.

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
  module = melodicinterval
  lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2"
  version = "3.1.4"
  title = "Seconds and thirds"
  ask_for_intervals_0 = [1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -2, -3, -4]
  test = "3x"
  test_requirement = "90%"
}

Additional variables you can put in the header. Click on the link to get an explanation:

Tests are only partially implemented for the melodicinterval exercise module: tests where each question is made by more than one interval does not work yet.

The singinterval module

User documentation is in “Aralığı seslendir”.

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
  module = singinterval
  lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2"
  version = "3.1.4"
  title = "Thirds"
  ask_for_intervals_0 = [3, 4]
  test = "3x"
  test_requirement = "90%"
}

The compareintervals module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
    countin_perc = compareintervals
    title = "Compare intervals"
    lesson_id = "9f830e12-1f50-4fa9-8688-1e04469692fa"
}

This file will make an exercise that ask you to compare harmonic intervals. And since you do not say which intervals, it will ask for all intervals from a small second up to a major decim.

first_interval_type, second_interval_type

Let you select if the intervals you are asked to compare should be a melodic or a harmonic interval. The default value is melodic. Possible values: harmonic and melodic.

    first_interval_type = melodic
    second_interval_type = harmonic
    

Modules: compareintervals.

first_interval, last_interval

Select which intervals to select from when creating the questions. This variable should be defined the same way as ask_for_intervals_0. If these two variables are not defined, then the user will be able to select which intervals to practise from the Config page of the exercise.

Modules: compareintervals.

The idbyname module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
  module = idbyname
  lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2"
  version = "3.1.4"
  title = "Menuitem title"
}
question {
 name = "Major"
 music = chord("c' e' g'")
}
question {
 name = "Minor"
 music = chord("c' es' g'")
}

Optional idbyname header variables

filldir = vertic

Tell the direction the buttons are filled. Default value is horiz.

Modules: idbyname.

fillnum

Tell how many buttons there are in each row or column. The default value is 1.

Modules: idbyname.

labelformat = progression

The default value is normal. Set to progression for lesson files where the name of the questions is a harmonic progression, written in a undocumented, but not difficult format. Check some existing lesson file to see how it works.

Modules: idbyname

have_repeat_slowly_button = yes

Set to yes if you want the exercise to have a "Repeat slowly" button.

Modules: idbyname.

See also at_question_start.

Optional question variables

vmusic

This variable holds a representation of the question intended to be displayed. This can be necessary if the music is a .wav or .mp3 file. It will be used when the user clicks Show music or when the question is answered correctly (if we have a musicdisplayer). Added in Solfege 2.5.1.

cuemusic

Will be displayed in the music displayer when the user clicks New. Ignored if at_question_start = play, show or at_question_start = show, because then the content of music or vmusic is displayed when the user clicks New. (Added in Solfege 2.5.1)

The singanswer module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
  module = singanswer
  lesson_id = "a400df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2"
  version = "3.1.4"
  title = "Sing the root of the chord"
}
question {
    question_text = "Sing the root"
    music = chord("c' e' g'")
    answer = chord("c'")
}
question {
    question_text = "Sing the root"
    music = chord("a' c'' e''")
    answer = chord("a'")
}

Additional variables you can put in the header. Click on the link to get an explanation:

The rhythm module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
  module = rhythm
  lesson_id = "7a4910be-de17-4ce3-9d15-78d48ccf945e"
  version = "3.1.4"
  title = "Easy rhythms"
  rhythm_elements = 1, 2, 3, 4
}
visible_rhythm_elements

Define this variable if you want more rhythm elements that the one to be asked for. This variable must include both the rhythm elements defined in rhythm_elements and the extra elements. Example:

rhythm_elements = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
countin_perc

An integer value between 35 and 81, representing the percussion instrument used to give you the beat before the question. The default value is 80. Example:

countin_perc = 35
35 Acoustic Bass Drum 51 Ride Cymbal 1   67 High Agoga
36 Bass Drum          52 Chinece Cymbal  68 Agogo Low
37 Side Stick         53 Ride Bell       69 Cabasa
38 Acoustic Snare     54 Tambourine      70 Maracas
39 Hand Clap          55 Splash Cymbal   71 Short Whistle
40 Electric Snare     56 Cowbell         72 Long Whistle
41 Low Floor Tom      57 Crash cymbal 2  73 Short Guiro
42 Closed Hi Hat      58 Vibraslap       74 Long Guiro
43 High Floor Tom     59 Ride Cymbal 2   75 Claves
44 Pedal Hi Hat       60 Hi Bongo        76 Hi Wood Block
45 Low Tom            61 Low Bongo       77 Low Wood Block
46 Open HiHat         62 Mute Hi Conga   78 Mute Cuica
47 Low-Mid Tom        63 Open High Conga 79 Open Cuica
48 Hi-Mid Tom         64 Low Conga       80 Mute Triangle
49 Crash Cymbal 1     65 High Timbale    81 Open Triangle
50 High Tom           66 Low Timbale

Modules: rhythm

rhythm_perc

Same as countin_perc, but setting the instrument used to play the question. The default value is 37.

Modules: rhythm

count_in

The number of beats as count in. The default value is 2.

Modules: rhythm

bpm

The tempo, in beats per minute. The default value is 60.

Modules: rhythm

num_beats

The number of elements the question is made of. The default value is 4.

Modules: rhythm

The rhythmtapping module

Exercises using this module will play some music and then the user should tap the rhythm. The program will then say if the users rhythm is similar enough to the rhythm played by the computer.

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
  module = rhythmtapping
  lesson_id = "82b718e8-f174-446f-8297-58ddd17dae03"
  version = "3.7.0"
  title = "Rhythm tapping test"
}
question {
 music = rhythm("c4 c8 c8")
}
question {
 music = music("\staff\relative c'{c4 d8 e f4}\addvoice\relative c'{c4 b8 c a4}")
 rhythm = rhythm("c4 c8 c c4")
}

The first question in the example is very simple and self explaining. Solfege will play the rhythm defined in the music variable, and the user should tap that rhythm.

The second question is a little more complicated. Here Solfege will play the music defined in the music variable. And when the user taps the rhythm, Solfege will compare the users rhythm with the rhythm defined in the rhythm variable. The reason for using two variables is that Solfege is not smart enought to figure out the rhythm if you enter polyphonic music. It make noe difference if you set the rhythm variable to be a rhythm music object, or another single voice type like rvoice. This might change in the future. You as a lesson file author must make sure the rhythms in the two variables are in fact the same.

The rhythmtapping2 module

Solfege will play a generated rhythm, and the user should tap the same rhythm.

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
  module = rhythmtapping2
  lesson_id = "7a4916be-de47-42e3-9d15-78d48ccf945e"
  version = "3.7.0"
  title = "Rhythm tapping test"
  rhythm_elements = 1, 2, 3, 4
}

See also at_question_start.

The idtone module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
    module = idtone
    title = "Id tone 3"
    lesson_id = "e263d70a-d8ff-4000-a7f2-c02ba087bf72"
    black_keys_weight =  0, 0,    0, 0, 0
    white_keys_weight = 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0
}

The 'weight' of a tone tell how big chance is it that the program will select this tone as the next to identify. Think of the weight of a tone as the number of lottery tickets with the name of the tone.

The variable black_keys_weight set the weight of the tones c#, d#, f#, g# and a#, and white_keys_weight will set the weight of the tones c, d, e, f, g, a, b. In the example above, the tones c, d and e get an equal weight of 1, the other tones 0. This mean that the only tones that will be asked for are c, d and e, and that the three tones share the same probability to be selected.

The chord module

Below is a minimal lesson file. It will create an exercise that will play a minor or major chord and the user answers with two buttons labeled "Minor" and "Major"

header {
    module = chord
    title = "Minor and major chords"
    lesson_id = "e263d40a-d8ff-4000-a7f2-c02ba087bf72"
}
question {
  name = "Major"
  music = chord("c' e' g'")
}
question {
  name = "Minor"
  music = chord("c' es' g'")
}

There are two more variables that can be added to the questions. The inversion variable tell the inversion of the chord. 0 for root position, 1 for first inversion, etc. And the toptone variable tell which chord tone is on the top of the chord. Example:

question {
  name = "Major"
  inversion = 2
  toptone = 3
  music = chord("g c' e'")
}

The dictation module

Example:

header {
  module = dictation
  lesson_id = "a265df62-e007-4a1b-9057-cd05397e88a2"
  title = _("Norwegian children songs")
  version = "2.1.10"
}

question {
 name = "Bæ, bæ, lille lam"
 tempo = 130/4
 breakpoints = 2/1, 4/1, 8/1, 10/1, 12/1, 14/1
 music = rvoice("""
    \time 4/4
    c'2 g' | e4 e c2 | d4 d g, g | c1 |
    c2 g' | e4 e c2 | d4 d g, g | c1 |
    a'4 f f f | g2. e4 | f d d d | e2. c4 |
    a'2 f | g e4 e | f b, b b | c1 |
 """)
}
question {
 # this tempo definition overrides the global
 tempo = 160/4
 name = "Lisa gikk til skolen"
 breakpoints = 2/1, 4/1, 6/1
 music = rvoice("""
   \time 4/4 
   c' d e f | g2 g2 | a4 a a a | g1 |
   f4 f f f | e2 e | d4 d d d | c1
 """)
}

question {
 name = "Det satt to katter på et bord..."
 tempo = 96/4
 music = rvoice("""
     \key g \major \time 2/4
     d'8 | [g g] [fis e] | [fis g] a4 | [d,16 d d d] [e8 fis] | g2 """)
}

By default, the dictation exercise will show the first column of music, and then the user should write the rest. But if the first column is not good enough, for example if there are only rests on the first beat, these two variables can tell the program how much music to display:

clue_end

The following example will display the music on all staffs in the first quarter note:

clue_end=1/4
clue_music

This is an alternative to clue_end. The music assigned to clue_music will be shown to the user when he should start the dictation. You should not use both clue_end and clue_music in the same question.

breakpoints

Set breakpoints in the music, so you can hear the music in parts when doing the dictation.

The singchord module

Questions for this exercise need to have the key variable set if the key signature is anything else than ''c'' major (or ''a'' minor). Example:

header {
  module = singchord
  lesson_id = "a404df62-e037-6a1b-9027-cd05397e88a2"
  version = "3.1.4"
  title = "Simple chords"
}
question { music = "c''|e'|g|c" }
question { music = "a'|e'|c'|a" }
question { key="d \major" music = "a'|fis'|d'|d"}
question { key="f \minor" music = "as'|f'|c'|f"}

See also “Akoru söyle”.

The nameinterval module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

header {
    lesson_id = "5623c43e-f529-4376-a0c9-c7d533050360"
    module = nameinterval
    title = _("Fifths")
    intervals = p5, a5, d5
}
intervals

A list the the intervals to ask for. The intervals are written in a short form, a letter and a number, like d5 or m7. The letters are telling the interval quality are 'd' for diminished, 'a' for augmented, 'm' for minor, 'M' for major and 'p' for perfect.

tones

This variable sets the range of tones that can be used when constructing the intervals. The note names as to be quoted. The default value is "b", "g''". Example:

tones = "c'", "f''"  # valid
tones = c', f''      # not valid
accidentals

This variable defines how many accidentals the tones making the interval can have. The value 0 means no accidentals, 1 means that flats and sharps are allowed, and 2 means that double flats and double sharps are allowed. The default value is 1. Example:

accidentals = 2
clef

Set which clef to use. The default value is violin. Possible values: violin, treble, subbass, bass, baritone, varbaritone, tenor, alto, mezzosoprano and french. Example:

clef = bass

The elembuilder module

Here is a minimal lesson file:

element progI { label = "I" }
element progIV { label = "IV" }
element progV { label = "V" }

header {
    lesson_id = "3f3872c0-ef2e-4132-9fb1-97f75c7b28fd"
    module = elembuilder
    title = "progression test"
    elements = auto
    # uncomment if you want a music displayer.
    # have_music_displayer = yes
}

question {
 music = rvoice("<c' e g> <b d g> <c e g>")
 elements = progI, progV, progI
 name = "I-V-I"
}
question {
 music = rvoice("<c' e g> <c f a> <c e g>")
 elements = progI, progIV, progI
 name = "I-IV-I"
}

The element block

This block defines the elements the user can put together to answer the question. Each block is named by the string between element and {. The block defines one variable, label that is the label the button will get.

label can either be a plain string, or a progressionlabel. Progressionlabel strings are displayed a little larger than the default font, and a simple syntax let you get small subscript and superscript numbers. Try I-(6,4)V(6,4)-I or I-IV(6)-V(6)-I to get an idea how it works.

The header block

elements

This variable defines which elements to display. Set this to auto to display all elements that are needed to answer the questions in the lesson file. You can display more elements that needed to make it more difficult for the user. An example:

elements = progI, progIV, progV, progIV, progV_6
music_displayer_stafflines

Set this if you want the music displayer to show more than one empty staff line when the music displayer have no music to display.

See also at_question_start.

The question block

elements

This variable defines which elements defines the question.

tonic

The exercise will have a "Play tonic" button if this variable is defined in a question in the lesson file. The variable should contain some music to play to the user so that he knows the tonic of the question. This can be useful in harmonic progressions that does not start on the tonic. This variable is optional. Example:

tonic = chord("c e g")

Midi instrument names

         acoustic grand          contrabass      lead 7 (fifths)
        bright acoustic     tremolo strings   lead 8 (bass+lead)
         electric grand   pizzicato strings      pad 1 (new age)
             honky-tonk  orchestral strings         pad 2 (warm)
       electric piano 1             timpani    pad 3 (polysynth)
       electric piano 2   string ensemble 1        pad 4 (choir)
            harpsichord   string ensemble 2        pad 5 (bowed)
                   clav      synthstrings 1     pad 6 (metallic)
                celesta      synthstrings 2         pad 7 (halo)
           glockenspiel          choir aahs        pad 8 (sweep)
              music box          voice oohs          fx 1 (rain)
             vibraphone         synth voice    fx 2 (soundtrack)
                marimba       orchestra hit       fx 3 (crystal)
              xylophone             trumpet    fx 4 (atmosphere)
          tubular bells            trombone    fx 5 (brightness)
               dulcimer                tuba       fx 6 (goblins)
          drawbar organ       muted trumpet        fx 7 (echoes)
       percussive organ         french horn        fx 8 (sci-fi)
             rock organ       brass section                sitar
           church organ        synthbrass 1                banjo
             reed organ        synthbrass 2             shamisen
              accordion         soprano sax                 koto
              harmonica            alto sax              kalimba
             concertina           tenor sax              bagpipe
acoustic guitar (nylon)        baritone sax               fiddle
acoustic guitar (steel)                oboe               shanai
 electric guitar (jazz)        english horn          tinkle bell
electric guitar (clean)             bassoon                agogo
electric guitar (muted)            clarinet          steel drums
      overdriven guitar             piccolo            woodblock
       distorted guitar               flute           taiko drum
       guitar harmonics            recorder          melodic tom
          acoustic bass           pan flute           synth drum
 electric bass (finger)        blown bottle       reverse cymbal
   electric bass (pick)          skakuhachi    guitar fret noise
          fretless bass             whistle         breath noise
            slap bass 1             ocarina             seashore
            slap bass 2     lead 1 (square)           bird tweet
           synth bass 1   lead 2 (sawtooth)       telephone ring
           synth bass 2   lead 3 (calliope)           helicopter
                 violin      lead 4 (chiff)             applause
                  viola    lead 5 (charang)              gunshot
                  cello      lead 6 (voice)

Percussion instrument names

The first column is the integer value for the instrument. The second column tell the name of the note you should enter in the rhythm music object.

35 b,,   Acoustic Bass Drum   59 b     Ride Cymbal 2
36 c,    Bass Drum 1          60 c'    Hi Bongo
37 cis,  Side Stick           61 cis'  Low Bongo
38 d,    Acoustic Snare       62 d'    Mute Hi Conga
39 dis,  Hand Clap            63 dis'  Open High Conga
40 e,    Electric Snare       64 e'    Low Conga
41 f,    Low Floor Tom        65 f'    High Timbale
42 fis,  Closed Hi Hat        66 fis'  Low Timbale
43 g,    High Floor Tom       67 g'    High Agogo
44 gis,  Pedal Hi Hat         68 gis'  Agogo Low
45 a,    Low Tom              69 a'    Cabasa
46 ais,  Open HiHat           70 ais'  Maracas
47 b,    Low-Mid Tom          71 b'    Short Whistle
48 c     Hi-Mid Tom           72 c''   Long Whistle
49 cis   Crash Cymbal 1       73 cis'' Short Guiro
50 d     High Tom             74 d''   Long Guiro
51 dis   Ride Cymbal 1        75 dis'' Claves
52 e     Chinese Cymbal       76 e''   Hi Wood Block
53 f     Ride Bell            77 f''   Low Wood Block
54 fis   Tambourine           78 fis'' Mute Cuica
55 g     Splash Cymbal        79 g''   Open Cuica
56 gis   Cowbell              80 gis'' Mute Triangle
57 a     Crash Cymbal 2       81 a''   Open Triangle
58 ais   Vibraslap

GNU General Public License

Version 2, June 1991

Free Software Foundation, Inc. 
  51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor
  Boston
  MA 
  02110-1301
  USA

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Version 2, June 1991

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If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.

NO WARRANTY Section 11

BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

Section 12

IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:

Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your program.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:

Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.

<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice

This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.

Ek B. Tam bir belge değil...

Tam bir belge değil...

Bu ek kullanıcı bir alıştırma seçmeden önce, program başladığında karşısına çıkan belgeleri içerir.

GNU Solfege Yazılımına Hoş Geldiniz

Solfege bir

Select a exercise from the menu to start practising, or click here to read the user manual.

Bu programın amaçlarından biri de kaynak kodları konusunda hiç bir şey bilmeseniz bile yazılımı genişletebilme olanağına sahip olabilmenizdir. Eğer bazı özel akorlar üzerine pratik yapmak veya olmayan bazı müziklerle dikte yapmak isterseniz, ders dosyaları yazabilir ve bu dosyaları $HOME